The Solution of Fiber Optic Attenuator

by http://www.fiber-mart.com

Fiber optic attenuator is a device to reduce the power level of an optical signal, either in free space or in an optical fiber.

Things You Should Know About Fiber Optic Attenuators

Why Fiber Optic Attenuators Are Needed?

Most people believe bigger signal power level is better, right? Beginners in fiber optic technology are often confused with why optic attenuators are necessary to reduce light intensity. Aren’t we using amplifiers to increase the signal power level?

 

The truth is that too much light can overload a fiber optic receiver and degrade the bit error ratio (BER). To achieve the best bit error ratio, the light power must be reduced. Or in a multi-wavelength fiber optic system, you need to equalize the optical channel strength so that all the channels have similar power levels. This means to reduce stronger channels’ powers to match lower power channels. Fiber optic attenuator is the device who works in above cases perfectly.

 

Fiber optic attenuators are usually used in two scenarios:
1. Attenuators are permanently installed in a fiber optic communication link to properly match transmitter and receiver optical signal levels.

 

2. In fiber optic power level testing. Attenuators are used to temporarily add a calibrated amount of signal loss in order to test the power level margins in a fiber optic communication system.

 

How Does A Fiber Attenuator Work?
The power reduction are done by such means as absorption, reflection, diffusion, scattering, deflection, diffraction, and dispersion, etc. Attenuators usually works by absorbing the light, like sunglasses absorb the extra light energy. Attenuators typically have a working wavelength range in which they absorb the light energy equally. They should not reflect the light since that could cause unwanted back reflection in the fiber system. Or by scattering the light such as an air gap. Another type of attenuator utilizes a length of high-loss optical fiber, that operates upon its input optical signal power level in such a way that its output signal power level is less than the input level.

 

Types Of  Fiber Optic Attenuators
Optical attenuators can take a number of different forms and are typically classified as fixed or variable attenuators.
Fixed Attenuators  Fixed attenuators have a fixed optical power reduction number, expressed in dB, such as 1dB, 5dB, 10dB, etc. A -3dB attenuator should reduce intensity of the output by 3 dB. Their applications include telecommunication networks, optical fiber test facility, Local Area Network(LAN) and CATV systems.
Fixed value attenuators are composed of two big groups: In-line type and connector type (or build out style). In-line type looks like a plain fiber patch cable, it has a fiber cable terminated with two connectors which you can specify types.
Connector type attenuator looks like a bulk head fiber connector, with a male connector interface on one end and a female interface connector on the opposite end. The connector style is typically fabricated with either air gap attenuation or doped fiber attenuation. It mates to regular connectors of the same type such as FC, ST, SC and LC. The female to female fixed attenuators work like a regular adapter. But instead of minimizing insertion loss, it purposely adds some attenuation. The male to female fixed attenuators work as fiber connectors, you can just plug in your existing fiber connector to its female side.
Variable Attenuators  The attenuation level can be adjusted, such as from 0.5 dB to 20dB, or even 50dB. Some variable attenuators have very fine resolution, such as 0.1dB, or even 0.01dB. This is critical for accurate testing. For precise testing purposes, engineers have also designed instrument type variable attenuators. These instrument type attenuators have high attenuation ranges, such as from 0.5 dB to 70dB. Variable attenuators are general used for testing and measurement, but they also have a wide usage in EDFAs for equalizing the light power among different channels.
The female to female variable attenuators are adjustable by turning a nut in the middle. The nut adjusts the air gap in the middle to achieve different attenuation levels. The in-line patch cable type variable attenuators work as regular patch cables, but your can adjust its attenuation level by turning the screw.

Our Fiber Optic Attenuators Solutions:

*SC Fiber Optic Attenuators
*LC Fiber Optic Attenuators
*FC Fiber Optic Attenuators
*ST Fiber Optic Attenuators
*E2000 Fiber Optic Attenuators
*Variable In-Line Optical Attenuators
*Handheld Variable Optical Attenuators
SC Fiber Optic Attenuators
LC Fiber Optic Attenuators
SC Fiber Optic Attenuators on Fiber-Mart LC Fiber Optic Attenuators on Fiber-Mart
Work in 1250nm to 1625nm range, with attenuation
 range from 1dB to 30dB optional.
 Work in 1250 to1625nm range, with optional attenuation value from 1dB to 30dB.

 

FC Fiber Optic Attenuators
FC Fiber Optic Attenuators on Fiber-Mart
Work in 1250nm to 1625nm range, with attenuation range from 1dB to 30dB optional.
ST Fiber Optic Attenuators E2000 Fiber Optic Attenuators
ST Fiber Optic Attenuators on Fiber-Mart E2000 Fiber Optic Attenuators on Fiber-Mart
Work in 1250nm to 1625nm range, with attenuation range from 1dB to 30dB optional. Work in 1250nm to 1625nm range, with attenuation range from 1dB to 30dB optional.

Brief introduction of OTDR

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OTDR is connected to one end of any fiber optic system up to 250km in length. Within a few seconds, we are able to measure the overall loss, or the loss of any part of a system, the overall length of the fiber and the distance between any points of interest. OTDR is an amazing test instrument for fiber optic systems.

AFL Noyes FlexScan OTDR

Yokogawa ODTR is ideal for use in a wide variety of optical fiber installation and maintenance applications. It is connected to one end of any fiber optic system up to 250km in length. Increased efficiency and a quick 10-second startup help to minimize operations time and increase battery life. Yokogawa offers the world’s only mini-OTDR with a built in dummy fiber option which is very effective at determining loss across the first connector and to determining return loss.

 

Yokogawa ODTR is light weight multi field tester with powerful and flexibility functions. Includes USB ports for data storage, remote control and a fiber inspection probe with optional built in OLTS function (fiber optic light source), PING test function, and visual fault locator.

The OTDR enables detection of closely spaced events in cables installed in offices and customer premises. High Dynamic Range up to 43 dB (45dB typical) the new High Dynamic range model can achieve the dynamic range of 40 dB. This high dynamic range is effective in measuring a transmission line consisting of long fiber cables and a splitter with a large loss. Quick Startup within 10 Seconds Now measurements can be started quickly upon arrival at the site. 10 seconds to power-up from completely OFF to fully ON. With such a fast power-up time, battery life can be extended by turning the power off while not in use at the job site without any concern about the power-up time when the next job is ready. It’s ready when you’re ready.

Many OTDR users invest hundreds of dollars for handheld dummy fibers (also called launch reels) that are easily damaged, lost or stolen thereby increasing operations costs. The Yokogawa OTDR price from Fiber-Mart is reasonable and fully depends on the quality of our products. Fiber-MART offers cost-effective standards-based Yokogawa OTDR. As a 3rd party OEM manufacturer, our Yokogawa OTDR is delivered to worldwide from our factory directly. All of our Yokogawa OTDRs are tested in-house prior to shipment to guarantee that they will arrive in perfect physical and working condition.

The best way to Install CWDM MUX/DEMUX System?

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Coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) technology is developed to expand the capacity of a fiber optic network without requiring additional fiber. In a CWDM system, CWDM Mux/Demux (multiplexer/demultiplexer) is the most important component. Usually, a CWDM Mux/Demux is used to increase the current fiber cable capacity by transmitting multiple wavelengths, typically up to 18 separate signals over one fiber. This article may mainly describe how to install your CWDM Mux/Demux system. Unless you are an experienced user, we recommend that you follow the detailed installation steps described in the rest of this article.
CWDM MUX/DEMUX Module Overview
CWDM Mux/Demux module is a passive device, very reliable and simple to use. These devices are available with a variety of wavelength combinations, usually from 1270nm to 1610nm (20nm spacing). Based on different applications, a CWDM Mux/Demux module can be designed into different channels. A typical 4 channel Mux/Demux module will be used to multiplex four different wavelengths onto one fiber. This allows you to simultaneously transmit four different data over the same fiber. If you are using a CWDM multiplexer at the beginning of your network, you will must to use a CWDM demultiplexer at the opposite end to separate or demultiplex the wavelengths to allow them to be directed to the correct receivers. Usually, a CWDM Mux/Demux is a module that can be used as a multiplexer or demultiplexer at either end of the fiber cable span. However, it must still be used in pairs.
CWDM MUX/DEMUX System Installation Components
A basic CWDM Mux/Demux system comprises a Local unit, the CWDM Mux/Demux module and a Remote unit. Usually a Local or Remote unit refers to two different switches. In general, to install a CWDM Mux/Demux module, a chassis should be installed first to hold the module. Besides, to connect a CWDM Mux/Demux module to a switch, we should install CWDM SFP transceivers in the switch first. Then using the singlemode patch cables to connect the transceivers to the CWDM Mux/Demux module. Therefore, when we want to build a CWDM Mux/Demux system, the components we need usually include rack-mount chassis, CWDM Mux/Demux module, CWDM SFP transceiver and singlemode patch cables (shown in the table below).
CWDM MUX/DEMUX System Installation Steps
To install a CWDM Mux/Demux system, there are four basic steps:
Install the Rack-Mount Chassis
The CWDM rack-mount chassis can be mounted in a standard 19-inch cabinet or rack. When to attach the chassis to a standard 19-inch rack, ensure that you install the rack-mount chassis in the same rack or an adjacent rack to your system so that you can connect all the cables between your CWDM Mux/Demux modules and the CWDM SFP transceivers in your system.
Install the CWDM Mux/Demux Modules
To insert a module, you should align the module with the chassis shelf (shown in the figure below) first and then gently push the module into the shelf cavity. Finally, tighten the captive screws.
Connect the CWDM Mux/Demux to Switch
After inserting the CWDM SFP transceiver into the switch, then we should use the singlemode patch cable to connect the transceiver to the CWDM Mux/Demux.
Please mind that CWDM Mux/Demux pairs must carry transceivers with the same wavelength.
Because each transceiver will work only at the appropriate port and the data will always flow between devices with the same wavelengths. CWDM SFP transceivers with different wavelength may have different color code. Use the CWDM SFP transceiver color codes shown in picture below to help you connect the CWDM Mux/Demux to your system.
Connect the CWDM MUX/DEMUX Pairs
Once you use a CWDM multiplexer on one end of your networks, you must use a demultiplexer on the other end of the networks. Therefore, the last step to complete CWDM Mux/Demux system is to connect the Mux/Demux pairs (or multiplexer and demultiplexer). For duplex Mux/Demux, a pair of singlemode patch cables must be used. For simplex Mux/Demux, only one singlemode patch cable is enough. After all done, your CWDM Mux/Demux system is then installed successfully.
Conclusion
In summary, Mux/Demux system is a cost-effective solution which is easy to install. CWDM Mux/Demux, CWDM multiplexer only, and CWDM demultiplexer only are a flexible, low-cost solution that enables the expansion of existing fiber capacity and let operators make full of use of available fiber bandwidth in local loop and enterprise architectures. fiber-mart.com CWDM Mux/Demux is a universal device capable of multiplex multiple CWDM (1270~1610nm) up to 18 channels or optical signals into a fiber pair or single fiber. Together with our CWDM transceivers or the wavelength converters, the bandwidth of the fiber can be utilized in a cost-effective way.

How OTN used for High Speed Service

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Nowadays, the SONET/SDH network is an universal network that combines with WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) technique to transmit multiple optical signals over a single fiber. In future networking, high speed transmission is no doubt the migration trend. Inspired by the SONET/SDH network, ITU-T (ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) has defined the optical transport network (OTN) to achieve a more cost-effective high speed network with the help of WDM technology.

EPON ONU with 1-PON Port and 8 10/100M ports
Generally speaking, OTN is a network interface protocol put forward in ITU G.709. OTN adds OAM (operations, administration and maintenance) functionality to optical carriers. It allows network operators to converge networks through seamless transport of the numerous types of legacy protocols, while providing the flexibility required to support future client protocols. Unlike the previous SONET/SDH, OTN is a fully transparent network that provides support for optical networking on a WDM basis. Since multiple data frames have been wrapped together into a single entity in OTN, it is also known as the “digital wrapper”.
Working Principle of OTN
You may wonder how OTN works in practice. Actually, its working structure and format very resemble the SONET/SDH network. Six layers are included in the OTN network: OPU (optical payload unit), ODU (optical data unit), OTU (optical transport unit), OCh (optical channel), OMS (optical multiplex section) and OTS (optical transport section).
OPU, ODU and OTU are the three overhead areas of OTN frame. OPU is similar to the “path” layer of SONET/SDH, which provides information on the type of signal mapped into the payload and the mapping structure. ODU resembles the “line overhead” layer of SONET/SDH, which adds the optical path-level monitoring, alarm indication signals, automatic protection switching bytes and embedded data communications channels. OTU is like the “section overhead” in SONET/SDH, and it represents a physical optical port that adds performance monitoring and FEC (forward error correction). OCh is for the conversion of electrical signal to optical signal and modulates the DWDM wavelength carrier. OMS multiplexes several wavelengths in the section between OADMs (optical add drop multiplexer). OTS manages the fixed DWDM wavelengths between each of the in-line optical amplifier units.
OTN-structure
Advantages of OTN
There are many advantages of OTN. Firstly, it separates the network against uncertain service by providing transparent native transport of signals encapsulating all client-management information. Secondly, it performs multiplexing for optimum capacity utilization which enhances network efficiency. Thirdly, it improves maintenance capability for signals transmitting through multi-operator networks by providing multi-layer performance monitoring.
4GE+2POTS+WIFI HGU ONT
Migration to High Speed OTN
With the fast evolution of networking, OTN standard is able to reach a higher speed service. Its multiplexing hierarchy allows any OTN switch and any WDM platform to electronically groom and switch lower-rate services within 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, or even 100 Gbps wavelengths. This eliminates the need for external wavelength demultiplexing and manual interconnects. OTN network is definitely the best solution for future high speed networking over long distance. The picture below shows the OTN mapping diagram for high speed transmission.
Conclusion
Over the years, OTN has never stopped improving itself. Driven by the needs for high speed transmission, OTN combined with WDM is obviously a better choice in networking. It is a cost-effective way to build an optical transport network accommodating high throughput broadband services. I believe more and more people will employ this standard in their own network in the near future.

Fiber Optic Polishing Machine

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Optical Fiber Polisher, OP-2000C is corner pressure polshing machine for fiber connectors.

Key Features:

Can polish 24~40 connector at same time, very applicable to bulk production
Polish process using liquid crystal display, can display the time polish, polish speed and polish times, making the process easier to control quality
Polish fixture with square pressure, the pressure from the elastic cushion into the decision to ground the pressure volume, simple products with high precision and consistent
post comply with IEC standards can produce geometric face
planetary orbit by way of Research Mo.
IPC using the new fixture (each mortise, independent compression) technology allows a higher passing rate of industrial production, and is willing to either one or 24polish connector,polish effects the same operation and high flexbility
MU and LC connector maximum polish 24 connectors,SC,FC,ST up to 20~40
Treatment with high quality stainless steel had to make the machine to maintain a very high accuracy and usage

Application for high volume production, and the polishing jig is fixed with 4 points, the polishing pressure is determines by coil spring and elastic cushion.
Designed for polishing manner with planet tray.
Using a new I.P.C jig technology (every ferrule is pressed singly) and making the finished yield rate much higher.
Dual APC & PC polishing and Accommodating most styles of connectors
High efficiency to deal with all kinds of connectors. The maximum polishing quantity for MU and LC connectors is 24 pcs; And maximum polishing quantity for SC, FC andST connectors is 20 pcs.
The polisher was made by high quality stainless steel with heat treatment and it is high accuracy and durability.
Quick to change jigs,  Easy and flexible to operate.
APC return loss as low as -70 dB,  UPC return loss as low as -60 dB, Insertion loss 0.2 dB typical
Super centering accuracy
Excellent connector endface polishing quality

Specifications:

Type High Volume, Installation
Pressure Source Coil Spring
Polishing Capacity (max) 20 connectors for FC, SC and ST  / 24 connectors for MU/LC
Dimensions 230 x 255 x 230mm
Weight 23.5 kg
Input Voltage 100-120VAC, 50/60Hz or 220-240VAC, 50/60Hz
Application 2.5mm PC, APC  /  12.5mm PC, APC  /  MT, mini-MT

 

Video of OP-2000C Fiber Optic Polishing Machine:

https://youtu.be/SzS9oSuy5xs

 

Introduction of Some Common Fiber Optical Transceivers

by http://www.fiber-mart.com

Fiber optic transceiver including both transmitter and receiver in a single module is an important equipment transmitting and receiving data to support the normal operation of optical fiber data transmission system. The market currently offers a wide selection of fiber optic transceiver for use with different types of wire, fiber and wavelength and so on.

ADTRAN 1184543P1 Compatible OC3 LR1 SFP 1310nm 40km Transceiver
A group of companies joined together to agree on package standards also called multisource agreements (MSAs). The package standards help customers choose the best transceivers to their applications and make sure the they can use transceiver from multiple vendor without redesigning the board. In the following text, some common fiber optic transceivers according to package standards are introduced in details.
9-PIN&GBIC&SFF
9-Pin transceiver is also known as 1×9 optical transceiver. This transceiver has a single row of output pins at the rear of the device. The optical interface is usually ST or duplex SC receptacles. It is mainly used in fiber optic transceiver, optical switches, single/multi-mode converter as well as some industrial control applications.
GBIC transceiver, namely gigabit interface converter transceiver, is a plug-in interface designed to allow a pluggable interface for Gigabit Ethernet. It offers a standard, hot swappable electrical interface and can support a wide range of physical media from copper to long-wave single mode optical fiber, at lengths of hundreds of kilometers. However, this type of transceiver is gradually replaced by SFP transceiver which has more advantages.
Dell 1000BASE 1310nmTX/1490nmRX BiDi SFP 20km Compatible Transceiver
SFF (small form-factor) transceiver is a compact optical transceiver used in optical communications for both telecommunication and data communications applications. Compare to 9-pin and GBIC transceivers, SFF transceivers is smaller allowing more ports in a given area. SFF transceivers have 10 or 20 I/O (input/output) pins that solder to the board.
SFP&SFP+&XFPSFP transceiver, small form-factor pluggable, small hot-pluggable optical module is a pluggable version of SFF transceiver and an upgraded version of the early GBIC module, with 10 I/O connections at the rear of the package. With smaller volume and higher integration, it is currently the most popular fiber optic transceiver.
SFP+ transceiver, also called enhanced SFP or SFP plus, with a higher transmission rate usually up to 8.5 G or 10 G, is a kind of optical transceiver module specified for 8Gbps/10Gbps/16Gbps fiber channel and 10Gigabit Ethernet applications.
XFP transceiver, 10Gigabit small form-factor pluggable transceiver, is the next generation SFP transceiver for 10Gbps application. This type of transceiver is hot-swappable and protocol-independent and is usually used to 10Gbps SONET/SDH, fiber channel, Gigabit Ethernet and other applications, but also of CWDM DWDM link.
X2&XENPAKXENPAK transceiver is a pluggable transceiver for 10Gbps applications, specifically 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The electrical interface is called XAUI, which provides four 2.5Gbps signals to the transmitter, which multiplexes or serialize them into a single 10Gbps signal to drive the source. It uses a 70-pin electrical connector. The optical interface is usually a duplex SC.
X2 transceiver is based on the XENPAK transceiver standards. It is shorter than XENPAK transceiver but uses same 70-position electrical and duplex SC interfaces. Unlike XENPAK, X2 devices mount on top of the board and are low enough to allow boards to be stacked side by side.
If you are look for fiber optic transceiver, you can visit fiber-mart.com which provides a wide selection of fiber optic transceivers with high quality.