Category: Fiber Transceivers

Optical transceivers, Active Optic Cables, data center switches, and cable management in data centers.

What is CWDM Transceiver and application of it?

by http://www.fiber-mart.com

CWDM is a low cost WDM transmission technology at the access level of man .It is based on the use of wavelength division switching, such as some telecommunications and data services, such as sonnet /SDH, atm, fiber channel, in layman’s terms, modulates many different signals through the fiber to the other end, and then demodulates many different models on the other end. CWDM is to realize flexible and transparent access to optical fiber network by using coarse wavelength division multiplexing technology recombination. Optical fiber resources and network costs are greatly saved. It solves two problems, namely short optical fiber and transparent transmission of multiple services.

CWDM single-fiber two-way equipment can transmit 4-wave services through a single optical fiber, which is a very important function point. A single-fiber one-way device can even transmit 8-wave traffic through a single fiber. These functions are mainly applied in the metropolitan area network convergence and access layer, and can meet the needs of network construction and business development in a short time.

It can be done through optical transceivers, also known as coarse wavelength division multiplexers, where optical resources are saved by connecting different wavelengths of optical signals through optical cables. CWDM is widely used in the field of education and network, because it is a network connection solution, very economical and efficient.

CWDM achieves very low cost with very high access bandwidth. It is suitable for various popular network structures, such as point-to-point, Ethernet, SONET ring, especially for communication applications with high bandwidth and dense access points, as well as short distance transportation.

CWDM has six specific application directions. Firstly, it is used for network expansion and upgrading. Because any input light wavelength can be converted to a fixed itu-cwdm output light wavelength, realizing the simultaneous transmission of up to a dozen optical signals in a single fiber, so the transmission capacity and utilization rate of optical fiber are greatly expanded. The time and cost of laying fiber optic cables are greatly reduced, and new services are opened without affecting existing ones.

Second, it is used for model conversion, which can realize arbitrary conversion of single-mode light wave and various single-mode and multi-mode light wave, and is suitable for various complex network situations.

Third, it can complete the mixed transmission of all kinds of signals. It is suitable for upgrading SDH, ATM, Ethernet and fiber channel equipment in the rate of 10Mb/s ~ 2.5gb /s, as well as mixed transmission of digital and analog signals in one optical fiber, as well as long-distance line relay and analog signal transmission.
Fourth, it can complete wavelength conversion, which can convert one CWDM wavelength to another wavelength at will, and the transmission distance is very long, which can reach several hundred kilometers. It can also convert any wavelength of single-mode and multi-mode light wave to CW /DM wavelength.

Fifth, it is used for optical relay, which can increase the transmission distance by connecting several CWDM in series, and extend the distance to hundreds of kilometers.

Sixth, security networking: because CWDM can be composed of a number of optical fiber in a single pair of virtual optical network (OPN) isolated from each other on the physical channel, make the network completely free from all software viruses and hackers attack, its security is much higher than the general VPN, in the government, public security, Banks and other public areas is very popular.

In some telecom fiber optic cable resources are insufficient, but the business growth is rapid, and the need for fiber optic cable capacity expansion is not convenient, CWDM can provide several times the existing transmission capacity bandwidth to achieve the two-way convergence of multiple services between two points, compared with traditional DWDM has better cost performance.

CWDM capacity expansion process is very simple, to increase the capacity of optical cable 8 times, just add a pair of CWDM equipment at both ends. Moreover, the business interruption time is very short in the process of capacity expansion. After the capacity expansion is completed, the smooth transition of the business is realized and the original business is not affected by anything.

CWDM can be used to distinguish different users by wavelength and meet the specified bandwidth required by customers, so as to make operators more convenient to provide wavelength rental services. At present, CWDM provides a variety of interface rates below 2.5g, which can meet the rate requirements of different users and improve the actual transmission capacity of optical fiber.

CWDM can adapt to a variety of network complex environment, from the core bureau to the transmission of different services between multiple branches, to the convergence and client access network construction. CWDM access to transmission of multiple data services can achieve non-interference, and can make the customer’s business transmission reliable and secure guarantee. CWDM forms a passive optical network with EPON or APON and connects with DISLAM to realize the integration of various services, providing many good practical solutions for fiber to building users (FTTH).

In order to implement point-to-multipoint applications in optical networks, we need a large number of optical fibers to form a star topology. Based on the shortage of fiber resources, we can use a light path through each branch needs to transmit data, by defining wavelength to distinguish between the user and the business in advance, in various business nodes using CWDM multiplexing equipment, multiplexing equipment and terminal points in each region multiplexing transmission of the business and the business of transmission can be realized up and down. This method can be used to solve the transmission of different services between the central node and multiple branch nodes, thus implementing the logical star structure with a simple physical light path.

The difference between QSFP28,CFP,CFP2 and CFP4

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Cost and power consumption are important driving forces for the development of optical communication market.100G optical module, including QSFP28,CFP,CFP2 and CFP4.Its development is based on low cost and power consumption.The common packaging types of 100G optical modules are QSFP28,CFP,CFP2 and CFP4.
In some markets, the QSFP28 optical module is the mainstream product, which transmits data through four 25Gbit/s transmission channels.Can be applied to a variety of transmission distance, also can meet the needs of a variety of application scenarios.Because of its small size, its heat dissipation condition is not very good.
The CFP module operates under requirements such as rate, protocol, and distance, and its design is based on small pluggable optical modules.CFP optical module can realize the transmission of single 100G signal, or multiple 40G signals and OTU3 signals.
Often used on 100G Ethernet transmission links, CFP2 is more efficient than the CFP optical module, and its smaller size gives it an advantage over high-density cabling.
CFP4 is the latest generation of optical module packaging, it is only a quarter of the width of the first generation of CFP, but in packaging form, it is very large.This indicates that CFP4 optical modules are less efficient in port utilization.
At present, the mainstream optical module on the market is 100G QSFP28 optical module, the packaging form is QSFP28, because of the advantages of small volume, port density, low power consumption received by the majority of manufacturers love.
QSFP28 optical module is one of the important components in 100G network, which can be applied to a variety of transmission distances and application scenarios, with a lot of selectivity. Due to its small size and concentrated optical devices, its heat dissipation is not good.
It transmits data over four 25Gbit/s transmission channels, mainly in 100G Ethernet and EDR InfiniBand applications.100G CFP optical module supports hot plugging, which is an external package pluggable module. Since its launch, CFP series optical modules have gone through CFP, CFP2 and so on.Today’s CFP4 light module, however, its volume is still larger than QSFP28 light module, and it has fewer categories, weak heat dissipation, and low flexibility.
The difference between QSFP28 optical module and CFP4 optical module is that the transmission rate of each fiber channel of 100G QSFP28 optical module can reach 25Gbps at the highest, and 4 fiber channels are used to transmit data, mainly for 100G transmission applications.Compared to the 100G CFP4 optical module, the 100G QSFP28 optical module is better for high-density wiring, which is why most data centers prefer the 100G QSFP28 optical module.There are several categories derived from 100G QSFP28 optical module and 100G CFP4 optical module respectively. QSFP28 optical module has more applications than CFP4 optical module.
Secondly, in terms of transmission distance, QSFP28 optical module has longer transmission distance than CFP4 optical module.The power consumption of QSFP28 optical module is usually lower than 3.5w, while the power consumption of other 100G optical modules is 6W to 24W.
From this we can know that QSFP28 optical module has much lower power consumption than other 100G optical modules.CFP optical module can support a single 100G signal and one or more 40G signals. 100G CFP2 is commonly used as 100G Ethernet interconnection link, with higher transmission efficiency than CFP optical module.A 100G CFP4 light module has the same rate as a CFP/CFP2 light module.
The irreplaceable advantage of a CFP4 light module is that it consumes less power and costs less.The volume of CFP4 light module is only one half of that of CFP2 and one quarter of that of CFP, which is the smallest light module in CFP series.
CFP4 has higher transmission efficiency. The earliest 100G CFP optical module passed through 10 10G channels and reached the transmission rate of 100G, while the current 100G CFP4 optical module passed through 4 25G channels and adopted the mode of 4*25 to achieve the purpose of 100G transmission, so the transmission efficiency is higher and the stability is stronger.In terms of module integration, the integration of CFP2 is twice that of CFP, and the integration of CFP4 is four times that of CFP.
In terms of power consumption and cost, CFP4 optical module is compatible with MSA protocol, supports the same rate as CFP2 and CFP2s, and significantly improves the transmission efficiency.CFP optical module supports all c-band wavelength adjustable, and can complete link detection. The common optical dual-binary modulation pattern is selected, and the power consumption is less than 24W, which has a convenient layout.
The volume of CFP2 light module is half that of CFP light module, and its integration is twice that of CFP. It supports comprehensive CFP light module, and its power consumption is lower than 9W. It can achieve stable acceptance sensitivity within a wide dynamic input range based on SOA.The packaging style of QSFP28 optical module is smaller than that of CFP4 optical module.The cost of using QSFP28 optical module is lower, the power consumption is generally less than 3.5w when working, and using QSFP28 optical module can be directly upgraded from 25G to 100G without 40G.
In the past, many large devices were connected through circuits. At present, optical modules have reached more than 100G.In the future, it may be possible to use optical paths to communicate with higher capacity and safer.The first step in the development of future optical communication devices may be to integrate all devices with optical modules,The next step will be to integrate the optical module with IC.
At the same time, the switching chip will be upgraded from 25G to 50G, and may reach the level of 4×100G to 400G in the future.In addition, for optical module production, stronger integration will be the current development direction, because it can greatly reduce production cost and increase production efficiency.As the source and address of the signal, the optical module is the highlight of the three elements of communication.From the development history of optical modules, we can see that the upgrading of optical modules is an important symbol of the improvement of transmission rate.
Therefore, the future competition point of optical module market will be smaller package size and higher transmission rate.
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What is CWDM Transceiver and application of it?
CWDM is a low cost WDM transmission technology at the access level of man .It is based on the use of wavelength division switching, such as some telecommunications and data services, such as sonnet /SDH, atm, fiber channel, in layman’s terms, modulates many different signals through the fiber to the other end, and then demodulates many different models on the other end.

The trend of optical transceiver of 2020

by http://www.fiber-mart.com

With the development of China’s 5G network and the improvement of China’s domestic optical module manufacturers’ research and development capabilities and production capacity.This trend greatly increases the cost advantage of Chinese optical module products, making China the optical modules significantly enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.It also stimulated foreign communication equipment manufacturers to increase the procurement of optical module products in China.At the same time, foreign communication equipment manufacturers have gradually shifted their production and R&D bases to China in recent years due to factors such as labor.This behavior has driven the demand for China’s optical module market. So in this case, what is the trend of optical modules in 2020?
1. The construction of 5G network promotes the increasing demand for optical modules
5G network as a fifth generation mobile communication network, the theoretical peak speeds of up to tens of Gb per second, compared with the mainstream at this stage the highest transmission speed of 4G networks hundreds of times faster.In addition, the explosion of data traffic and accelerated deployment of 5G and Internet of Things will further drive the demand for high-speed optical modules, and the demand for optical modules as a core component is huge. All of this means that we need more optical module components to build the network infrastructure.
2. The rise of the data market drives the demand for high-speed optical modules.
At present, the platform using cloud technology will be mature enough, such as AI, video, online games, Internet of Things, mobile Internet and other technologies will continue to drive the demand for IDC infrastructure.Third-party IDC operators are expected to usher in a fast growth cycle. That means the rise of large data centers.And in the flow between very large data centers, the traditional operator demand can not meet this demand at 25T. This will take advantage of the 960T of the Internet enterprise. This data is about 40 times that of the former. It can maximize efficiency and handle the huge computing needs of enterprises.
Therefore, high-speed optical modules will become more and more popular, especially 40G and 100G optica transcievers, which will be widely used in the future.
3. The construction of the data center will bring explosive demand for optical modules and switches.
According to the data, the optical module market maintains a high growth rate, in which 100G optical modules contribute more than 60% of revenue.
Samples of 400G products have been exhibited, and QSFP-DD is expected to become a mainstream product. It is expected that there will be small-scale production in the world this year and large-scale application by 2022.

How do Fiber optic transceivers work?

by http://www.fiber-mart.com

Fiber optic transceivers include both a transmitter and a receiver in the same component. These are arranged in parallel so that they can operate independently of each other. Both the receiver and the transmitter have their own circuitry so that they can handle transmissions in both directions.
Fiber optic transceivers can interface with two types of cables, single mode and multimode. Single mode is an optical fiber that will allow only one mode to propagate. The fiber has a very small core diameter of approximately 8 µm. It permits signal transmission at extremely high bandwidth and allows very long transmission distances. Multimode describes a fiber optic cable, which supports the propagation of multiple modes.
Multimode fiber may have a typical core diameter of 50 to 100 µm with a refractive index that is graded or stepped. It allows the use of inexpensive LED light sources and connector alignment and coupling is less critical than single mode fiber.
Distances of transmission and transmission bandwidth are less than with single mode fiber due to dispersion. Some fiber optic transceivers can be used for both single mode and multimode cables. Common connector types for fiber optic transceivers include Biconic, D4, ESCON, FC, FDDI, LC, Loopback, MTP, MT-RJ, MU, SC, SMA, and ST. General performance specifications to consider include wavelength, operating voltage, data rate, and bandwidth.
Important receiver performance parameters to consider when searching for fiber optic transceivers include sensitivity, responsivity, and receiver rise time. The sensitivity specifies the weakest optical signal that can be received. The minimum signal that can be received depends on the noise floor of the transceiver front end. The measure of responsivity is the ratio of radiant energy expressed in watts (W) incident on the device, to the resulting photocurrent expressed in amperes (A). It is represented as an absolute sensitivity expressed by A/W.
In the approximation of a step function, the receiver rise time is the time required for a signal to change from a specified 10% to 90% of full power. Rise time is a way of expressing the speed of the receiver. Important transmitter performance specifications to consider include light source, spectral width, and maximum optical output power and transmitter rise time.
The light source can be LED or laser diode. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have relatively large emitting areas and as a result are not as good light sources as Laser diodes. However, they are widely used for short to moderate transmission distances because they are much more economical. Laser Diodes (LDs) can couple many times more power to optical fiber than LEDs.
They are primarily used for applications that require the transmission of signals over long distances. In the approximation of a step function, the transmitter rise time is the time required for a signal to change from a specified 10% to 90% of full power. Rise time is a way of expressing the speed of the transmitter.
Common features for fiber optic transceivers include clock recovery, pigtail, stand alone, and signal input and output choices. An important environmental parameter to consider is the operating temperature.
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WHAT ARE FIBER OPTIC TRANSPONDERS?

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In optical fiber communications, a transponder is the element that sends and receives the optical signal from a fiber. A transponder is typically characterized by its data rate and the maximum distance the signal can travel.
>> The difference between a fiber optic transponder and transceiver
A transponder and transceiver are both functionally similar devices that convert a full-duplex electrical signal in a full-duplex optical signal. The difference between the two being that transceivers interface electrically with the host system using a serial interface, whereas transponders use a parallel interface to do so.
So transponders provide easier to handle lower-rate parallel signals, but are bulkier and consume more power than transceivers.
>> Major functions of a fiber optic transponder includes:
Electrical and optical signals conversions
Serialization and deserialization
Control and monitoring
2. APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC TRANSPONDER
Multi-rate, bidirectional fiber transponders convert short-reach 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s optical signals to long-reach, single-mode dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical interfaces.
The modules can be used to enable DWDM applications such as fiber relief, wavelength services, and Metro optical DWDM access overlay on existing optical infrastructure.
Supporting dense wavelength multiplexing schemes, fiber optic transponders can expand the useable bandwidth of a single optical fiber to over 300 Gb/s.
Transponders also provide a standard line interface for multiple protocols through replaceable 10G small form-factor pluggable (XFP) client-side optics.
The data rates and typical protocols transported include synchronous optical network/synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH) (OC-192 SR1), Gigabit Ethernet (10GBaseS and 10GBaseL), 10 G Fibre Channel (10 GFC) and SONET G.709 forward error correction (FEC)(10.709 Gb/s).
Fiber optic transponder modules can also support 3R operation (reshape, retime, regenerate) at supported rates.
Often, fiber optic transponders are used to for testing interoperability and compatibility. Typical tests and measurements include jitter performance, receiver sensitivity as a function of bit error rate (BER), and transmission performance based on path penalty.Some fiber optic transponders are also used to perform transmitter eye measurements.
>> Major Applications of fiber optic transponder
300-pin MSA fiber optic transponders can transparently carry a native 10G LAN PHY, SONET/SDH and Fibre Channel payload with a carrier grade DWDM Optical Transport Network (OTN) interface without the need for bandwidth limitation.
Transponders offer G.709 compliant Digital Wrapper, Enhanced Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Electrical Dispersion Compensation (EDC) for advanced optical performance and management functions superior to those found in DWDM Transponder systems.
They support full C or L band tunability and is designed to interoperate with any Open DWDM line system that support 50GHz spaced wavelengths per the ITU-T grid.
Enables reach extension on SONET, Storage Area Network (SAN), Gigabit Ethernet, and dispersion limited links
Wavelength services and Metro optical access overlay
Agile Optical Networks
>> Other Applications
1) Multimode to Single Mode Conversion
Some transponders can convert from multimode to single mode fiber, short reach to long reach lasers, and/or 850/1310nm to 1550nm wavelengths.  Each transponder module is protocol transparent and operates fully independent of the adjacent channels.
2) Redundant Fiber Path
Each transponder module can also include a redundant fiber path option for extra protection.  The redundant fiber option transmits the source signal over two different optical paths to two redundant receivers at the other end.
If the primary path is lost, the backup receiver is switched on. Because this is done electronically rather than mechanically, it is much faster and more reliable.
3) Repeater
As an optical repeater, some fiber optic transponders effectively extend an optical signal to cover the desired distance. With the Clock Recovery option, a degraded signal can be de-jittered and retransmitted to optimize signal quality.
4) Mode Conversion
Mode conversion is one of the quickest and simplest ways of extending multimode optical signals over greater distances on single mode fiber optics.
Note:  Most receivers are capable of receiving both multimode and single mode optical signals.
Fiber optic transponders do the simple conversion from low-speed electrical signals to high-speed optical signals
These optical transceivers with built-in MUX/DEMUX come in a compact package with a multiplexing function converting 622Mbps low-speed electrical signals to a 10Gbps ultra-high-speed optical signal.
They can contribute to significantly smaller and cheaper optical interfaces in communications equipment and switches/routers.
4. HOW TO SELECT A TRANSPONDER?
Selecting fiber optic transponders requires an understanding of jitter measurements and BER measurements.
>> Jitter measurement
There are three types of jitter measurement: jitter generation, jitter tolerance, and jitter transfer. Jitter analyzers are used with fiber optic transponders and test boards.
Jitter generation data includes current and maximum values for jitter peak – peak, jitter + peak, jitter – peak, and jitter RMS (root mean squared).
Jitter tolerance and jitter performance are scaled values.

MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING AND OTHER SPECIAL SERVICES

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MPLS is a way to create a logical (virtual) network on top of a physical one. This is presently used on fibe-mart.com. The virtual network functions as a separate network and may be used for private point-to-point links.
More and more universities start co-operations and merge with each other. One example is the Uppsala University that merged with the College of Gotland Island more than a year ago. The college became an internal institution in the University and because of this the University wanted the network at Campus Gotland to be on equal footing with their other institutions, with access to the intranet etc. That’s why fibe-mart.com has a virtual link between Uppsala and Gotland which makes Gotland look like it is behind the Uppsala firewalls. Other colleges in Sweden utilise the same service.
We do more or less the same for researchers who need a special connection out of Sweden, for some special research task. Some examples of this may be the Onsala radio telescope at Råö having their own wavelength in our fibres, and SP Technical Research Institute in Borås (those guys who fetch Swedish Mean Time to their atomic clocks from the Bureau of Weights and Measures in Paris).
fibe-mart.com will also take part in a service of great benefit to society as a whole. When the NTP Project is finished, fibe-mart.com will act as a link for Swedish Mean Time between a number of atomic clocks at various places in the country. The illustration above shows how a number of atomic clocks, likened to motors with thir own speed controls, will cooperate with the SP Technical Research Institute in Borås, likened to a large flywheel, to maintain Swedish Mean Time (sammanvägd tid UTC(SE)) with a high level of accuracy. This is needed if Sweden should loose connection with the BIPM in Paris for an extended time. The robustness and protection against denial of service attacks will be greatly improved, compared to the present situation.
As always, fibe-mart.com will henceforth attempt to satisfy any researcher’s need for connections between any two places in the country.
QUALITY OF SERVICE
– We do have Quality, and we have Service, but we don’t know what Quality of Service is, Börje says jokingly. We simply have enough bandwidth to not having to quality grade traffic. If so, who would get priority? No one is able to say whether KTH or Chalmers are more important than any other affiliate.
A curiosity: A long time ago, during the discussion about procuring firewalls for the KTH, someone put the clever question: Which way should the firewall work? Are we supposed to protect KTH from the world, or protect the world from KTH? We still have more or less the same problems.
NUMBER OF AFFILIATES
A whole lot of organisations are connected to fibe-mart.com today. There are a total of 34 universities and colleges, and some of them are big-time bandwidth users. Let’s just mention Chalmers, whose radio observatory, the Råö Telescope is part of several radio astronomical projects, requiring data streams in the order of 50 Gbps. Or one might mention another set of big-time users: the student housing networks. These networks are home to some very big data gobblers, consuming limitless amounts of gigabytes.
There are also art institutions of various types, such as the Museum of Architecture, The Army Museum, The Museum of Ethnography and The Air Force Museum. Another one is the open air museum Skansen, which will probably not up its bandwidth significantly within a foreseeable future.
Then there are 33 “other organisations” among which we find the real data cannons, which will require a lot of network uptime, real soon. One of them is the new neutron gun, the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, which will need a massive link for data transmission to Europe. On the other hand, institutions like CERN in Switzerland will start sending massive amounts of data to Swedish universities and colleges, when the new search for dark matter starts in the LHC accelerator.
Sweden has a total of six supercomputing centres, commonly referred to as SNIC (Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing). Some of them are located in Linköping, Stockholm and Umeå. They carry out computation for a variety of projects, such as particle research at CERN, meteorology for SMHI and more. This makes them top consumers of bandwidth.
The SMHI Meteorological Institute is connected to its colleagues at MET in Norway, and they use fibe-mart.com, NORDUnet and Norwegian university Uninett to exchange meteorological data between their nodes.
WHAT’S HAPPENING?
– I’m not sleepless over the time schedule so far. Right now (May, 2015) we need to hurry and decide what endpoint equipment to use, finish that part of the design and make sure we stay within the economic limits, Börje continues. We have to place an order for hardware some time during the autumn, as the delivery time will be some three to four months.
FUTURE AND LOGISTICS
As the new fibe-mart.com C is airborne in the second half of 2016, everyone will get 100 Gbps. But 200 and 400 Gbps are beckoning at the horizon. Looking 15 years ahead, terabit speeds may be the norm. This will necessitate new endpoint equipment, whereas the in-line amplifiers may be retained. This is in itself a great cost saving. For the same reason, anyone will be able to change to 200 Gbps transponders where needed, without disrupting any other network activity.
Now the fibre contract has been signed, and Tele2 is driving the network expansion. The great logistical challenge will appear when the endpoint equipment arrives. We will have to install hardware at about 100 sites. fibe-mart.com will require help from many different organisations. Tele2 will have to help, because they own the sites. The hardware supplier will have to deliver to the proper places, and electricians must be allowed in to connect the power. Finally, technicians from fibe-mart.com need to get there to configure the hardware.
New users will be connected all the time. The EISCAT 3D is an ionospheric research project located in the north of Scandinavia, which is just starting up. The idea is to observe and image the ionosphere (aurorae, solar storms etc) in three dimensions, to increase understanding of space weather in general. The various EISCAT sites need network connections. In general, this means getting 10 Gbps to Karesuando, Porjus and Abisko. That is, fibre in the alpine world.
When the new fibe-mart.com C is finally up and running, all the equipment from the old Optofibe-mart.com must be removed, and may be sold off or disposed of in other ways. This will be a challenge, too, not least logistically.
What will the traffic patterns look like in the future? No one knows. We can try to look at what the patterns are today, but then suddenly someone will start a new bandwidth-sucking project which puts everything on its head. For this, we have no forecasts, Börje Josefsson concludes.